Kinesiology and Physiotherapy Comprehensive

Biomechanical analysis of posture and its relationship to musculoskeletal complaints in university students who frequently use mobile phones

Muhammad Shalahuddin Al Ayyubi Ramadhanni — 2026-09-15

Background: Prolonged and excessive use of mobile phones in non-ergonomic postures, particularly those involving a forward head position that increases cervical spine loading and demands sustained neck muscle stabilization, may lead to musculoskeletal complaints involving the neck, shoulders, upper back, and arms. Therefore, this literature review aimed to examine studies related to the biomechanics of posture during mobile phone use and their impact on the musculoskeletal system.

Methods: This study employed a literature review method, which analyzed secondary data obtained from journals accessed through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the keywords: “biomechanics,” “smartphone addiction,” and “musculoskeletal disorder. The article criteria were original research with an observational design, and available as open-access full-text articles.

Results: Based on the reviewed literature, non-ergonomic mobile phone usage postures were possibly associated with musculoskeletal complaints among students.

Conclusion: Mobile phone use in poor ergonomic postures was possibly associated with musculoskeletal disorders among college students. This literature review emphasizes the importance of ergonomics education and the implementation of preventive strategies in physiotherapy practice, particularly within student populations. Furthermore, the findings are expected to serve as a foundation for developing effective approaches to prevent musculoskeletal disorders related to mobile phone use among students.

Factors that cause flatfoot in school children

Naila Sindi Akila Jannah — 2026-09-14

Background: Flatfoot is a common disorder in children, although it often does not show serious symptoms. Over time, it will affect the development and growth of the arch of the foot. This study aimed to determine the factors that cause flatfoot in school children.

Methods: This study used the literature review method by utilizing databases containing research articles related to factors that could cause flatfoot in elementary school children. To search the databases, the author used Google Scholar and PubMed with the keywords “Child,” “Factor,” and “Flatfoot.” Then, five journals were obtained that were relevant to the topic of discussion in the literature review.

Results: Based on the results of the review of journals and articles, it shows that the factors that influence the occurrence of flatfoot can be categorized into internal factors (age, gender, BMI, and heredity) and external (physical activity, footwear, environment

Conclusion: Based on the results of the review, it can be concluded that flatfoot in school children has a high prevalence and is influenced by related factors. This study emphasizes the importance of early detection and preventive intervention.

Factors affecting delays in motor development in children aged 3-6 years: a literature review

Cokorda Istri Mirah Saraswati — 2026-09-15

Background: The age range of 3–6 years represents a critical period of rapid motor and cognitive development. However, some children experience motor developmental delays due to multiple interacting factors.

Methods: This literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords developmental delay, motor skills, and preschool children. From an initial 50 articles, five studies that met the inclusion criteria (children aged 3–6 years, observational design, and assessment of motor delay factors) were selected for in-depth review.

Results: The analysis identified four main categories of factors associated with motor developmental delays in early childhood: biological, social, psychological, and environmental. Among these, authoritarian parenting style and poor nutritional status were the most dominant determinants.

Conclusion: Motor developmental delays in preschool children are multifactorial and strongly influenced by biological and psychosocial conditions. Early identification of risk factors, especially parenting style and nutritional status, is essential for effective prevention and intervention strategies.

The relationship between oral motor stimulation and sucking ability in low birth weight infants

Putri Iva Fahirunisa — 2026-09-15

Background: Low birth weight infants (LBWIs) often experience difficulties in sucking due to immaturity of the oral-motor system, which affects the transition to oral feeding and prolongs hospitalization. Oral motor stimulation is used as an intervention to help improve the sucking ability of LBWIs. This study aimed to describe the relationship between oral motor stimulation and sucking ability in LBWIs.

Methods: This literature review was conducted by searching articles in the PubMed database using relevant keywords. A total of five articles were selected after a screening process based on inclusion and exclusion criteria to obtain a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of oral motor stimulation.

Results: The review results indicate that oral motor stimulation techniques such as oral motor intervention (OMI), premature infant oral motor intervention (PIOMI), and non-nutritive sucking (NNS) have a positive effect on increasing sucking volume and pattern, accelerating the transition to oral feeding, and improving feeding readiness. Several studies also reported weight gain and reduced length of hospital stay, although these outcomes were not consistent across all studies

Conclusion: Oral motor stimulation has been proven effective in improving the sucking ability of LWBIs and accelerating the transition to oral feeding. This intervention has the potential to be applied in neonatal clinical practice. Further research with stronger experimental designs and larger sample sizes is needed to evaluate the long-term effects more comprehensively.

Factors that affect the maximal oxygen uptake

I Gusti Agung Wika Indirayani R.S. — 2026-09-14

Background : Physical fitness refers to the body’s ability to perform work or physical activities without experiencing excessive fatigue. One of the most important indicators of physical fitness is the maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), as a higher score reflects better endurance and lower fatigue during physical activity. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence VO₂max is essential for improving overall physical performance. This study aimed to identify the factors that affect maximaloxygen uptake.

Method : This study employed a literature review approach using secondary data obtained from research journals related tophysical fitness and VO₂max. The journals were sourced from databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed. The authorsincluded journals published within the last ten years.

Result : There were several factors that influenced a person’s VO₂max. Males generally have higher VO₂max levels than females. Individuals living in high-altitude areas tend to have higher VO₂max values compared to those living in low-altitude regions. Nutritional status and body mass index (BMI) show a negative correlation with VO₂max, whereas physical activity demonstrates a positive correlation.

Conclusion : The factors that influence the VO₂max include gender, nutritional status, BMI, physical activity, body fat percentage, and living environment.

Keywords : VO₂max, cardiovascular endurance, physical fitness.